南京地区一次罕见锋前增温天气过程分析

2020年11月18日,我国南京地区出现了罕见的增温异常,利用常规气象资料和11月16日至20日ERA5逐小时1000 hPa至300 hPa的散度、位势高度、气温、水平风和垂直速度等再分析资料,根据高低空的天气系统的配置和槽脊移动的过程,结合散度、暖平流等天气学原理的相关知识分析冷锋过境前的基本环流形势,并主要结合热力学一级能量方程(温度倾向方程)对影响本次增温天气过程的因子进行了评估分析。结果表明:在这次增温中,温度平流和非绝热加热的贡献占主导作用,前者由于西南暖湿气流带来,后者与冷空气把原来占主导地位的暖气团迅速挤压到狭窄区域聚集增温有关;而垂直运动不是最显著的影响因子。     

油页岩有机碳矿化特征及在栽培基质中应用可行性分析

探讨油页岩有机碳矿化分解过程、有机碳组分变化特征以及环境因素作用规律可为评价油页岩在栽培基质中应用的可行性提供科学依据.试验在室内控制温度和水分条件下,分析了洗盐和未洗盐油页岩有机碳矿化动态变化特征.结果表明:油页岩基质在60 d培养期间,温度升高10℃使未洗盐基质总矿化量分别增加2%～28%(100%田间持水量)、2%～22%(80%田间持水量)和1%～15%(60%田间持水量);洗盐基质则分别增加2%～17%(100%田间持水量)、1%～5%(80%田间持水量)和7%～14%(60%田间持水量).将第60 d基质中活性有机碳含量进行回归分析,发现两种不同供试油页岩活性有机碳含量与温度和水分之间均呈正相关关系;未洗盐油页岩活性有机碳含量与温度和水分间相关性不显著,而洗盐后油页岩活性有机碳含量与温度和水分之间相关性显著(P=0.0214).用一级动力学方程拟合油页岩基质有机碳矿化动态得到未洗盐基质分解速率常数最大达1.2×10-3/d,洗盐基质其分解速率常数介于0.5×10-3～0.7×10-3/d.油页岩在长达60 d的培养过程中表现为有机碳持续分解、活性有机碳递增,证实其在基质栽培中的应用将对养分持续供给和维护作物根系生理活性发挥重要作用.     

不同覆盖材料对耕层土壤温度及玉米出苗的影响

在玉米沟垄集雨种植模式下对沟内覆盖普通地膜、生物降解膜、液体地膜及秸秆的耕层土壤温度及玉米出苗状况进行了观测.两年结果表明,普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖均能显著提高土壤温度,在5～25 cm耕层平均温度比不覆盖分别增加2.51℃～3.77℃和1.30℃～2.19℃,液体地膜覆盖与对照差异很小,增温值为0.13℃～0.56℃,而秸秆覆盖与不覆盖相比有明显的降温作用,其5～25 cm土层温度比对照降低1.25℃～2.19℃.普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖分别使玉米提前4 d和3 d出苗,秸秆覆盖使出苗期推迟2 d,液体地膜覆盖与对照的出苗期无差异.     

近56年来西安市气温突变与致灾效应

根据1951-2006年西安逐月平均气温和逐月降水资料,采用一元线性趋势估计和5年滑动平均法分析了近56年来西安市年均温和季均温的变化趋势;采用滑动t检验法分析了气温突变的时间;并研究了西安市气温突变前后旱涝灾害的变化。结果表明:近56年来西安气温呈明显的上升趋势;该市在1994年附近气温发生明显的突变,由低于气候平均值变为高于气候平均值,其后气温持续偏高;西安市气温显著突变的时间与西北地区、长江中下游一致,早于华南和青藏高原地区,晚于东北、华北和淮河地区,更晚于全国;近56年来西安年平均气温倾向率与西北地区接近,低于东北,高于其它5个地区,及全国和全球;气温突变后,西安市旱涝灾害的比例都有所上升,但是旱灾的增幅更大,更明显。     

花绒寄甲对高温胁迫的适应能力及生理响应

商品化天敌昆虫在我国不同区域释放可能受到极端温度的影响和制约.花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides(Fairmaire)是松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope等蛀干害虫的重要天敌之一,具有良好的应用前景,但其在我国南方应用时控害效果常不稳定.以商品化花绒寄甲成虫为研究对象,并以...     

温湿度对烤烟醇化过程中各化学成分的影响

从测定与烤烟醇化相关的指标物质入手,研究醇化库的温、湿度等条件对片烟醇化的影响。高温低湿(35℃70%)条件下既能保证烟叶含水量的安全,同时也促进了烟叶中物质的转化过程,加快了醇化进程,是本研究条件下最佳的醇化条件。     

一种简易的花房温湿度无线自动监控系统

花房内的温湿度变化直接影响到花卉的健壮生长,以C8051F330为核心设计一款简易的花房温湿度无线自动监控系统,可对花房内的温湿度进行实时自动监控,当花房内温湿度指标超过设定值时,系统发出声光报警。该系统温度测量范围为-55~125℃,精度为±4℃;相对湿度测量范围为10%~90%,精度为±5%。经测试,系统运行稳定,...     

毕节地区干草调制研究

中国南方喀斯特地区干草调制受限于诸多自然因素,客观上阻碍了该类地区草食畜牧业的发展,本研究在喀斯特典型地区贵州毕节撒拉溪示范区选取扁穗雀麦(Bromus cartharticus)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)、菊苣(Cichorium intybus)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)、红三叶(T.pratense)、多年生黑麦(Lolium perenne)8种牧草进行田间自然晾晒,记录各时间段牧草的重量、空气温度和湿度,并对历年该地区气候进行浅析,重点分析近3年来4、5、6、7月份的最高温和最低温变化,通过对该地区8种主要栽培牧草的干燥过程和水分散失规律的研究,结合多年降水和气温变化规律,分析该地区调制干草的可行性,以期为喀斯特地区畜牧业的发展提供一些数据支撑。结果表明,1)4种禾本科牧草的干燥速率明显优于3种豆科牧草和菊苣;2)从外观评价角度出发,白三叶、红三叶、菊苣均不适合进行牧草晾晒;3)在选择的影响指标中,对干草晾晒的影响程度表现为晾晒时间空气湿度温度;4)综合分析各气候因子,在贵州毕节地区7月份最适合进行干草调制;5)干草调制具备可观的经济收益。     

Decreasing of methanogenic activity in paddy fields via lowering ponding water temperature: A modeling investigation

Methane (CH₄) is a potent greenhouse gas and the huge CH₄ fluxes emitted from paddy fields can prejudice the eco-compatibility of rice cultivation. CH₄ production in submerged rice crops is known to be highly influenced by water temperature. Hence, lowering ponding water temperature (LPWT) could be an option to mitigate CH₄ emissions from paddy environments when it is possible either to irrigate with slightly colder water or to increase ponding water depth. However, paddy soil is a complex environment in which many processes are simultaneously influenced by temperature, leading to a difficult prediction of LPWT effects. For this reason, LPWT efficiency is here theoretically investigated with a one-dimensional process-based model that simulates the vertical and temporal dynamics of water temperature in soil and the fate of chemical compounds that influence CH₄ emissions. The model is validated with literature measured data of CH₄ emissions from a paddy field under time-variable temperature regime. Based on modeling results, LPWT appears promising since the simulated reduction of CH₄ emissions reaches about −12% and −49% for an LPWT equal to −5 °C during the ripening stage only (last 30 days of growing season, when rice is less sensitive to temperature variations) and −2 °C over the whole growing season, respectively. LPWT affects CH₄ emissions either directly (decreasing methanogenic activity), indirectly (decreasing activity of bacteria using alternative electron acceptors), or both. The encouraging results provide the theoretical ground for further laboratory and field studies aimed to investigate the LPWT feasibility in paddy environments.     

A calibration method of detecting soil water content based on the information-sharing in wireless sensor network

In agricultural production, there is contradiction between the cost and accuracy of detection during the course of acquiring soil water content (θ) online. This conflict is one of the core issues of automatic water-saving irrigation technology in agriculture. At the same time, capacitive soil moisture sensor (CSMS) has received considerable attention, for it can acquire θ with low cost and high precision, and meet the application requirements of wireless sensor network (WSN). But CSMS is vulnerable to the soil temperature (T_s) and salinity (S_s) in the measurement process. Therefore, this study took EC-5 sensor for example to establish water detection calibration models of soil temperature and salinity for single sensor, using Least Squares Support Vector Machines on MatLAB (LS-SVMlab) as the tool. On this basis, we explored the spatial variability of T_s and S_s, and then a method, which could be used to calibrate the output signals of sensors in multi-point network, was proposed based on the information-sharing (T_s or S_s) technology of WSN. Through laboratory experiment, we effectively reduced the impact of soil temperature and salinity on the single sensor. In example analysis, we investigated the detection precision and costs under different information-sharing radiuses (r). And the results indicated that the method we proposed based on the information-sharing technology of WSN could successfully calibrate the influence of soil temperature and salinity on sensors in multi-point network, and it was an efficacious approach to determine the balance between the calibration accuracy of moisture sensor and the investment of agricultural production. For example, while the calibration precision of soil temperature and salinity is respectively 1%, the costs can be reduced by 30%.